Thursday, April 15, 2010

Academic paywalls, and mobile technology in conflict-affected states - there's more than you think

I'm blogging from the World Bank's Innovation Fair: Moving Beyond Conflict in Cape Town, South Africa. In presenting a bit about FrontlineSMS and some thoughts on SMS in conflict, I referenced an article from Development In Practice, 'Challenging conventional views on mobile-telecommunications investment: evidence from conflict zones' (Agnieszka Konkel & Richard Heek Volume 19, Issue 3 May 2009, pages 414 - 420). Lots of thoughtful nods when I was talking, so I thought I'd put up a link and some of the findings.

The paper argues that the accepted pillars of a good 'investment climate' - 'security and stability, finance and infrastructure, workers and labour markets, and the regulatory framework and tax' - underpinned by 'good, stable governance' may not, in fact, be prerequisites for investment in mobile telephony. Afghanistan, DRC and Somalia, three countries with poor governance indicators, all show rapid mobile penetration growth rates between 2001 and 2006. Tentatively, they conclude that these figures are due to foreign investment, and possibly to individuals prioritising mobiles over other needs:
'...insecure countries are places of great uncertainty, and uncertainty pushes up the value of information. Thus citizens will be willing to invest a greater than average level of their income on information and communication technologies, particularly those – like mobile phones – which can help to provide just the kind of information (safe/unsafe locations, approaching dangers, places to find scarce commodities, etc.) that addresses their main uncertainties.'
Interesting implications for using mobiles and other information-sharing tools in conflict - and certainly fertile ground for future research. If you can get a copy of this short and useful article, it's well worth a read.

A Short Rant

A perennial complaint of mine is that so much excellent analysis and thinking - from conceptual thinking that could change our whole approach to aid and development, to deeply practical hazard prediction and mapping - is locked up in academic prose and, fatally, behind paywalls. David Steven on Global Dashboard wrote about this recently. Academic journals perform a vital function, but the ridiculous costs make the articles in them absolutely inaccessible to many in NGOs. The result: good work going to waste, and work on the ground and in offices in capitals all over the world not benefitting from the combined wisdom of the world's academics. Some examples of great free-to-air content:
Any more for any more?

Thursday, February 25, 2010

SCHR: Updated position paper on civil-military relations

SCHR have revised and updated their position paper on Civil Military relations, first written in 2001 and updated in 2004, and have produced a very readable survey of the state of the debate. The paper:
'...looks primarily at how SCHR agencies consider relations with armed forces in situations of armed conflict, or natural disasters taking place in contested environments. This paper contributes to the current debate on humanitarian-military relations and fosters a better understanding of the respective roles and the necessity for humanitarian actors to commit to the positions elaborated herein. It is intended to inform and guide the internal policies and practical guidance of SCHR agencies.'
Read more on Reliefweb.

Saturday, February 20, 2010

Getting into aid work: dos and don'ts for internships for organisations and hopeful entrants

I'm about to leave my first (or second, depending on how you count it) job at a large humanitarian aid organisation after three years. In that time I've had many conversations about the rights and wrongs of internships - whether or not they are useful, for the organisation and the individual; who benefits the most; whether they are ethical.

Then the other day, this article surfaced on my Twitter feed, arguing that making internship a critical element of getting into politics effectively restricts the field to the affluent. Hmm, I said. Same thing in aid work - you have to be young and unencumbered, or you can't do the internships and low-paid admin jobs that get you your first 'proper' job. Understandably, I got called on it - it is possible to get field-work positions which enable you to live a fairly nice lifestyle even at a low level. But when I'm talking about is pretty much the standard route recommended to many eager graduates from degree courses on aid and development in the UK, even by me. What follows is a personal take on this route, the pros and cons, and how to make it the best experience it can be for both aid agency and willing skivvy.

Why do an internship?

It's true, it's the best starting point I know of, barring outrageous luck or the money and chutzpah required to move out to Country X, and bang on doors until someone gives you a job because you're there and it's easy. The other alternative, by the way, is to get qualified as an accountant or a logistician or an engineer or a plumber and then work your way across laterally. But I'm assuming you're me, three years ago - newly graduated, with a theory-focussed degree under your belt and a headful of critical questions and fascinating debate, but no experience.

What an internship won't do: get you into the field. It's not magic. It will not of you an experienced aid worker make. It is the red pill that keeps you inside an aid agency office long enough to work out what happens there. Play your cards right and an internship, ladies and gentlemen, will get you your first admin job in an aid agency. This, by they way, is the way to get into aid work. It's unfair and a scandalous waste of your brilliance, but there it is.

Make the most of it:
  • At interview, if the tasks aren't clear from the outset, clarify what you'll be doing. A good internship will mean you're treated like an employee - you should have a line manager and regular one-to-ones. Push to have specific projects, something you can stick your name on and put on your CV.
  • Be realistic - organisations need extra pairs of hands for what can be totally naff jobs. Suck it up, Princess. You can learn from almost any working experience, be it organising lunch for a meeting or event (ask to sit in the corner! offer to write up the note!), going through boxes of old papers (pinch unwanted articles and books!), analysing data (a vital skill) and writing summaries of programmes.
  • Many internship schemes offer proper training, including inductions on the organisation structure and ethos. Take advantage of this. Understanding the basics of the humanitarian aid system, such as the difference between international organisations, NGOs, and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement makes you sound professional and knowledgeable and can make a real difference later. And first aid training is always handy. Grab it with both hands.
  • Similarly, take advantage of any opportunity you have to learn. You can't fail to pick up terminology and an understanding of how things work on the ground (i.e. what you can't get from a degree) if you keep your ears and eyes open and read every document that passes through your inbox whether it's relevant to your duties or not. Focus on real narrative accounts of programmes: evaluations, trip reports, and the like, rather than strategy or policy documents - they might give a bigger picture but on their own they won't give you anything you can't get on the internet.
  • That said, be informed. Find out which geographical and thematic areas are key for your adopted organisation and start following relevant news on IRIN and Reliefweb. A scan of the headlines and reading one or two articles in the morning will do wonders for your knowledgeable expression at team meetings. The more savvy you seem, the better the work you'll get.
  • Apropos: lingo matters. Acronyms and buzzwords are the curse of every industry but they are crucial to your credibility. Understand the org chart and the shorthand people are using and it will gain you respect.
  • Make contacts and use, but don't abuse them. It's great to have the organisation on your CV and someone with a proper job title to put down as a referee (don't forget to ask!). But don't abuse it - regular emails asking for work will put people off. You want them to remember you if you ever go back to them for a job, and not in the bad way.
  • If you see an opportunity to apply for an admin role within the team or the wider organisation, do go for it. The path of least resistance is very attractive to agencies who are always under tremendous pressure, and someone with experience of the organisation who can start immediately will often trump someone who might beat you to the job on an equal footing. Make no mistake - the admin job is the first step towards something meatier.
  • While you're at it, get some experience of travel in developing countries. It won't make you employable on its own, but it does show passion and interest and is the only argument I can think of for the sort of paid volunteering scheme Alanna Shaikh rightly despises. When the time comes for you to apply for support jobs where you'll be more involved with programmes, it'll show that you're competent and safe to travel in difficult places.
Agencies - don't be evil.

Interns are good cannon fodder, it's true - free and fifty of them queuing out the door for every job. But they are people too, so be nice:
  • Do a proper advert and recruitment process. Good practice, good experience for them, and you will get the cream of the crop. On spec CVs and people's friends' children might be good, but opening it up to the field means you'll get someone great.
  • Make it possible for people without a trust fund. Pay reasonable travel and lunch expenses, and don't require full-time hours and extended commitments. A three-day week for three months is absolutely do-able even for London - you can cover your three unpaid days with four days of bar work and still pay the rent for three months.
  • Build a job description around general support and admin (and be clear about this at interview), but add one central project they can get their teeth into and include on their CV. As long as they knew what they were getting into, it's fine to give them administrative and repetitive work. The intern should be aiming for an admin job in the sector, so they will need to prove they can do this kind of work.
  • Don't use them for the wrong jobs. If you have an endless procession of interns doing mapping and coordination work, say, others in your workplace will get frustrated that their are continually briefing beginners, and you'll be missing an opportunity to give something meaty to your admin staff, who (make no mistake) know the place backwards.
  • Admit them to organisational induction programmes and normal training and learning events - inexpensive and a good perk for the intern.Make sure they know exactly who their line manager is, and make them approachable. Managing interns is a good fillip for first- and second-jobbers too, as it adds personnel management to their list of experiences. But do the odd review yourself so you know how the relationship is going.
  • Finally, a pet hate. Some organisations have rolling internships for support jobs which other organisations would run as a permanent position. This isn't fair to the project or the people. If there are real responsibilities and long hours, and they'll be in trouble if they don't deliver, it's a salaried role.
So what did I miss? Any other tips and rants, leave them in the comments and we can all have a row about this.

Thursday, February 18, 2010

Web101: RSS Feeds

I know you love this blog. Here you are, after all. You may picture me slaving over a hot laptop all night, scouring the internet for all this fun stuff... but no. In fact, the news is delivered to my laptop as it's published.
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is a format for delivering regularly changing web content. Many news-related sites, weblogs and other online publishers syndicate their content as an RSS Feed to whoever wants it.

RSS solves a problem for people who regularly use the web. It allows you to easily stay informed by retrieving the latest content from the sites you are interested in. You save time by not needing to visit each site individually. (WhatisRSS)
There are two options for how to use them every day:
  1. Bookmark a feed, either in your bookmarks toolbar or your normal bookmarks folder, so you can glance at the list every now and then, or
  2. Use an RSS feed reader like Feeddemon (PC), NetNewsWire (Mac), Reeder (iPhone) orViigo (Blackberry). These options allow you to download your feeds ahead of time, browse articles wherever you are, and save any you want to go back to later.
Here's my magic bumper humanitarian policy fun feed to get you started. Enjoy!

WEF proposes 'new vulnerability and protection business model'

From the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Humanitarian Assistance:
The first requirement of this new business model is a comprehensive risk framework. We often find ourselves having to engage in an enterprise of risk management with incomplete information about how things will unfold. Such uncertainties are only being exacerbated by the impacts of climate change. We must plan to be ready for events for which we cannot plan.
The second requirement is to rework the balance between crisis response and the upstream and downstream issues of prevention and recovery. More resources are needed both to reduce risk in the first place, and reduce the risk of relapse after a crisis occurs.

The default mode of the current humanitarian model in general is external assistance; the default mode of a new vulnerability and protection model should be self-reliance. The third requirement of this new model is to enhance the capacities, readiness and resilience of exposed societies so they can better handle extreme events. Ensuring that civil society and local communities are involved will not only make response efforts faster, but more efficient as their involvement will make it possible to identify and meet the diverse needs of various groups in affected communities, groups differentiated, for example, by gender, age, and social class.

The fourth requirement is to engage the private sector more fully, not just as a source of donations but also as a source of key skills and technologies, during and after crises. We commend the World Economic Forum’s initiative on the private sector in humanitarian relief as well as other efforts to incentivise appropriate and beneficial private-sector investments in risky regions.

The fifth requirement of the business model is to link the humanitarian concern to broader development issues, strengthening social safety nets and supporting resilience. This requirement will necessitate unprecedented collaboration between humanitarian and development actors and interests.

Finally, as cross-border challenges will grow, regional organisations backed by the UN will need to be able to mediate and mitigate these problems as they arise.
Download the full report.

Global Humanitarian Assistance: Update February 2010

GHA have released an update on their GHA report. The series aims to
present simple and objective statistical information on humanitarian financing for people involved in humanitarian aid policy, programming and performance. The goal is a shared evidence base that people can use in their planning and policy work to ensure better outcomes for the women, men and children whose lives are affected by humanitarian crises.

UPDATED: Tufts/HFP: Humanitarian Horizons - a practitioners guide to the future

UPDATED 18.02.10: IRIN highlights guidance on responding to urban emergencies:
Other than urban earthquake preparedness, humanitarian agencies have not yet focused on emergency response in urban centres. The authors of the guide offer tips to humanitarian agencies in this new environment:
1) Programming has to shift from being rural-focused, so humanitarians will now have to reach out to urban planners for effective urban programming

2) Build a knowledge base identifying the differences between urban and rural programmes

3) Re-identify and reprioritize groups most at risk

4) Use of technologies such as cell phone banking and microcredit to deliver aid in an urban context

5) Ensure the creation of better linkages between city and town authorities, and strengthen delivery systems
The blurb:
The Guide "is an attempt to help humanitarian aid agencies look a generation into the future to begin making the necessary changes now to their thinking and organization, to ensure that they continue to deliver the right assistance and protection to the right people in the right ways.

The Humanitarian Horizons project is a futures capacity-building initiative intended to assist the humanitarian sector prepare for the complexities of the future by enabling organizations to enhance their anticipatory and adaptive capacities. Launched in October 2008, the project builds on HFP's analyses of changing dimensions of future crisis drivers, and makes more practical the exploratory futures research conducted under the Feinstein Center's 2004 Ambiguity and Change project.'
Read on! at the Tufts website.